http://www.irdes.fr IRDES: French institute for research and information in health economics en Copyright IRDES 2009 English/French Glossary in Health Economics Fri, 30 Jul 2010 10:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/DocumentationCentre/Documents/EnglishFrenchGlossaryInHealthEconomics.pdf ENRGHI is a long-running conference, supported by the RGS/IBG Geography of Health Research Group, that has visited Universities all over the UK and holds great international appeal. Fri, 30 Jul 2010 10:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceRecherche/Colloques/ENRGHI2010/index.htm This paper proposes a method to quantify the contribution of inequalities of opportunities and inequalities due to differences in effort to be in good health to overall health inequality. Thu, 22 Jul 2010 16:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/WorkingPapers/DT33EffortCircumstancesCorrelationInequality.pdf Source: IRDES Report N° 1800 "Enquête sur la santé et la protection sociale 2008". Tue, 06 Jul 2010 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfTheMonth.html Books of the month, sites of the month, working papers... June's selection Mon, 05 Jul 2010 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/SelectedForYou/SelectedForYou.html See the 2010 IRDES workshop presentations. Mon, 05 Jul 2010 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceRecherche/Colloques/Workshop2010/index.htm The creation of maisons de santé pluridisciplinaires, grouping together first-contact medical and paramedical private practitioners providing a multidisciplinary healthcare service, is expanding throughout France... Tue, 15 Jun 2010 16:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES147.pdf Data: 2004 Health, Health Care And Insurance Survey (Esps) – Permanent sample of socially insured individuals (Epas). Tue, 08 June 2010 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfJune2010.html If you wish to be included in this list, please contact us Mon, 07 Jun 2010 14:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/DocumentationCentre/Forthcoming.html Books of the month, sites of the month, working papers... May's selection Wed, 26 May 2010 17:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/SelectedForYou/SelectedForYou.html Eco-Santé France 2010, adapted from data from the French National Health Insurance Fund for Salaried Workers (CNAMTS). Tue, 11 May 2010 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfMay2010.html In Europe, the pathways to retirement are determined by individual factors such as age, gender, education level and health status, and contextual factors such as family and professional environments... Thu, 29 Apr 2010 16:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES148.pdf Concentration of certain procedures in high-volume hospitals is increasingly being presented as a means of improving the quality of care. However, until now no study has verified the link between volume of activity and quality of the care in France... Wed, 28 Apr 2010 11:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES149.pdf IRDES (A French Research Center in Health Economics located in Paris) intends to fill a Post-Doc Position at the earliest possible convenience. Tue, 13 Apr 2010 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAccueil/PostePourvoir.html The objective of EHPG meetings is that we can all learn about experience of other (primarily) European countries and from perspectives of other disciplines. Tue, 13 Apr 2010 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceRecherche/Colloques/EHPG/index.htm Conventional health surveys focus on current health and social context but rarely address past experiences of hardship or exclusion. Tue, 16 Mar 2010 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/WorkingPapers/DT30MonitoringHealthInequalitiesFrance.pdf Data: Mutuelle générale de l'équipement et des territoires (MGET). Adapted from the Questions d'économie de la Santé n° 150: Who Took Out an Additional Health Cover? A Dynamic Analysis of Self-Selection. Tue, 16 Mar 2010 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfMarch2010.html If you wish to be included in this list, please contact us Mon, 15 Mar 2010 16:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/DocumentationCentre/Forthcoming.html Books of the month, sites of the month, working papers... March's selection Thu, 11 Mar 2010 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/SelectedForYou/SelectedForYouMar10.html Source: DREES - Eco-Santé Régions-Départements - February 2010 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfFebruary2010.html This study aims to assess the efficacy and the cost of a French team work experiment between nurses and GPs for the managing of type 2 diabetes patients. Our study was based on a case control study design in which we compare the evolution of process (standard follow-up procedures) and final outcomes (glycemic control), and the evolution of cost. The study is realized for two consecutive periods between type 2 diabetes patients followed within the team work experiment (intervention group) or by 'standard' GPs (controlled group)... Tue, 26 Jan 2010 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/WorkingPapers/DT29EffectExperGenePractiNursesDiabetPatientsCare.pdf Source: 2006 French Medical System Program (PMSI) Tue, 12 Jan 2010 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfJanuary2010.html Three new reports on recent health care reforms in France have been provided by Irdes researchers for the International Network Policy and Reform: Encouraging direct access to OTC drugs in France - The French pandemic influenza plan - Update on new regional health governance Mon, 28 Dec 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/International/Bertelsmann.html Immigrants have a lower rate of access to office-based medical practices (whether general practitioners or specialists) than the rest of the French population. This can be explained more by immigrants' disadvantaged social conditions than differences in age, gender and health status between the two populations... Fri, 11 Dec 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES146.pdf Data: Share survey 2004-2006 Fri, 11 Dec 2009 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfDecember2009.html The aim of this research is to identify the determinants of pathways to retirement in Europe and, by measuring the influence or combined influence of individual, contextual and institutional domains on labor force participation, to better understand inter-country variations in the employment rates of older citizens... Tue, 10 Nov 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/WorkingPapers/DT28MotivationsPathwaysRetirementEurope.pdf Data: 2002-2003 National Health Survery (Insee) Tue, 10 Nov 2009 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfNovember2009.html Fifty years after the mental health policy of deinstitutionalisation introduced psychiatric sectors in France, these elementary state-running psychiatric-caredelivering units are marked by considerable geographical disparities in the human and financial resources allocated, facilities and equipment capacity, and the degree of commitment to reaching the initial goals set in the policy... Mon, 9 Nov 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES145.pdf GPs thus declare working on average between 52 and 60 hours per week distributed in the following manner: 61% of their weekly working time is devoted to the provision of medical care in private practice activity, 19% to the provision of care outside private practice activity and 20% in activities other than those directly involving medical care... Mon, 9 Nov 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES144.pdf In all five countries studied, health care expenditure (hospitals, physicians, dentists and prescribed medicines) is predominated by three major diagnostic categories: cardiovascular diseases, digestive diseases and mental disorders... Mon, 9 Nov 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES143.pdf The Internet update is available as of November 5th, exclusively in the Online version of the database. The update for the CD-ROM version will be available for download shortly. Thu, 5 Nov 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.ecosante.org/ocde.htm Source: Psychiatric sector annual reports, 2003, Drees ; General population census, 1999, Insee ; Surveys SAE 2003, ES 2001, EHPA 2003, Drees. Tue, 13 Oct 2009 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfOctober2009.html In 2006, 6.25 million people in metropolitan France reported having had asthma at least once during their lifetime, and among these, 4.15 million, i.e. 6.7% of the population, continued to live with it. Overall, men were as much concerned by asthma as women, but with differences according to age... Tue, 13 Oct 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES138.pdf English/French Glossary in Health Economics Fri, 2 Oct 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/DocumentationCentre/Documents/EnglishFrenchGlossaryInHealthEconomics.pdf Industrialised countries face similar challenges for improving the performance of their health system. Nevertheless the nature and intensity of the reforms required are largely determined by each country's basic social security model. This paper looks at the main differences in performance of five countries and reviews their recent reform experience, focusing on three questions: Are there systematic differences in performance of Beveridge and Bismarck-type systems? What are the key parameters of health care system which underlie these differences? Have recent reforms been effective?... Mon, 14 Sep 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/WorkingPapers/DT27AreHealthProblemsSysmetic.pdf Source: Després C., in collaboration with S. Guillaume and P. E. Couralet (2009). « Health care refusal against CMUc beneficiaries: a single-blind study among a representative sample of physicians (Paris-based GPs, gynecologists, ophtalmologists, radiologists and dentits) », study ordered and funded by the Fonds CMU. Tue, 08 Sep 2009 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfSeptember2009.html A previous Irdes study indicated a poorer health status among residents of critical urban areas (CUA). In line with this finding, this new study shows the impact of neighbourhood characteristics on inhabitants' health status. Indeed, independently of individual characteristics, contextual variables can also affect health status... Thu, 3 Sep 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES139.pdf A comparison of the self-assessed health status of the French and Québécois population aged 55 and over living at home reveals both significant differences and similarities. The Québécois aged 55 and over have a better subjective perception of their health than the French of the same age and express it with more enthusiasm. Cultural differences and the higher percentage of elderly Québécois living in institutions are the main contributing factors in these diverging perceptions... Fri, 24 Jul 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES142.pdf The program will consist in thematic sessions, including a methodological session, covering the various field of emerging research in health geography in Europe. Each paper will be allocated 15 minutes for oral presentation by authors with 5 minutes for questions. There will be one dedicated poster session where researchers will be available to explain their research to interested delegates. Call for papers: 20th September 2009. Wed, 22 Jul 2009 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceRecherche/Colloques/ENRGHI2010/index.htm The August 2004 Health Insurance reform seemed to have had substantial impacts on the patients' access to and use of specialist care. According to data published in the Health, Health Care and Insurance Surveys in 2004 and 2006, the proportion of consultations obtained by patients through direct access fell considerably, especially for dermatology and ENT, which both had high levels of consultation in 2004... Wed, 22 Jul 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES134.pdf This study examines the patient profiles and medical treatments administered in 2006 to define the place of HAH in patients'care pathway. In 2006, over two million days of hospitalization at home (HAH) were realised in metropolitan France. Majorities of patients were elderly men and just delivered women. HAH admissions primarily concerned palliative care, cancer treatment and perinatal care. The clinical conditions dealt with vary largely and three patients out of ten are moderately to highly dependent. HAH permitted to shorten or avoid a stay in health care institution for one out of three patients. Around 7% of HAH stays ended with the patient dying at home. Thu, 16 Jul 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES140.pdf On retirement, many complementary health insurance contract holders change provider: this is indeed the case for 51% of compulsory group contract holders, 39% of voluntary group contract holders and 23% of individual contract holders. The higher mobility rates observed among group contract holders, especially those with a compulsory contract, can be confirmed after controlling for other characteristics that may explain this greater mobility, in particular their health status. This reflects the impact of the increase in group contract premiums for recently retired people, an increase that is primarily due to the loss of both group pricing and the employer's contribution. Their greater mobility may also mean that cover designed for a group of employees does not meet retirees' health care needs. Thu, 9 Jul 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES126.pdf The program will consist of around 16 papers covering the following topics, with an emphasis on how results can help public decision or evaluate public policies: Health inequalities, Health services utilization,Insurance, Health services research, Econometric methodology. Papers should include empirical material. Each paper will be allocated 20 minutes for oral presentation by authors, 10 minutes for discussant and 10 minutes for general discussion. Call for papers: 1st october 2009. Mon, 06 Jul 2009 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceRecherche/Colloques/Workshop2010/index.htm Source: « Studies of Costs by Pathology: a Methodological Comparison Between Five Countries Germany, Australia, Canada, France and the Netherlands » Fri, 03 Jul 2009 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfJuly2009.html OECD Health Data 2009, released on 1st July 2009, offers the most comprehensive source of comparable statistics on health and health systems across OECD countries. It is an essential tool for health researchers and policy advisors in governments, the private sector and the academic community, to carry out comparative analyses and draw lessons from international comparisons of diverse health care systems. Wed, 1 Jul 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/HealthDataBases/OecdHealthData.html The concept of 'primary care' conveys an ambition of social justice which aims at equal access to basic medical care for all. 'Primary care' also refers to organisation of outpatient care systems.  In developed countries, three models of primary care organisation have been identified: the hierarchical normative model in which the health system is organized around primary care and regulated by the State (Spain/Catalonia, Finland, Sweden); the hierarchical professional model where the general practitioner is the cornerstone of the health system (Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) and the non-hierarchical professional model in which the organization of primary care is left to the initiative of healthcare professionals (Germany, Canada). The evolution of health systems along with the reforms implemented since the 1990's have tended to bring the different primary care systems closer together. This hybridisation of models notably characterises the French organization model: initially based on the non-hierarchical professional model, its health system now borrows organisational characteristics from the other two types of model. Mon, 15 Jun 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES141.pdf Source: Eco-Santé Régions et Départements 2009, according to Drees Tue, 09 Jun 2009 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfJune2009.html Irdes is taking part in a new international project: EuroDRG. This project is funded under the 7th EU Framework Programme and will run from January 2009 until December 2011. Wed, 27 May 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/International/EuroDRG.html Three new reports on recent health care reforms in France have been provided by Irdes researchers for the International Network Policy and Reform: Urban Health Networks - A small step towards P4P in France - Evaluation of the cancer plan Wed, 27 May 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/International/Bertelsmann.html The presentations of the Second Social Capital Global Network Workshop which has been held in Paris, on October 10th and 11th 2008 are online. Wed, 13 May 2009 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/International/WorkshopSocialCapital.html Source: Eco-Santé France 2009, according to ADELI data (Drees) Tue, 12 May 2009 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfMay2009.html Source: EcoSante France, according to SNIR data Wed, 08 Apr 2009 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfApril2009.html This paper examines the demand for complementary health insurance (CHI) in the non-group market in France and the reasons why the near poor seem price insensitive. First we develop a theoretical model based on a simple tradeoff between two goods: CHI and a composite good reflecting all other consumptions. Then we estimate a model of CHI consumption and empirically test the impact of potential determinants of demand for coverage: risk aversion, asymmetrical information, non-expected utility, the demand for quality and health, and supply-side factors such as price discrimination. We interpret our empirical findings in terms of crossed price and income elasticity of the demand for CHI. Last, we use these estimates of elasticity to simulate the effect of various levels of price subsidies on the demand for CHI among those with incomes around the poverty level in France... Tue, 07 Apr 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/WorkingPapers/DT24IncomeDemandComplementHealthInsuranceFrance.pdf Source: PMSI HAD (ATIH). Exploitation DREES-IRDES Wed, 25 Mar 2009 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfMarch2009.html ASALEE, French acronym for Health Action by Teams of Self-employed Health Professionals, associates 41 GPs and 8 nurses in the Deux-Sèvres department (FRANCE) in view to improve the quality of healthcare, especially for patients suffering from chronic disease. Launched in 2004, it is the only natural experiment on healthcare professionals skill mix with focus given to primary care use. In accordance with a specific protocol, the doctors entrust the nurses with the computerized management of certain patient data and therapeutic education consultations. This medico-economic evaluation of the ASALEE natural experiment focused specifically on type 2 diabetes patients, which represents a third of nurses activity. The study shows that the improvement of the glycemic control of patients treated in the ASALEE experiment is better than that of a control group. They also perform more systematic follow-up examinations without significant additional cost for Health Insurance. Nontheless, the methods used in the study require that these results be validated by further analyses. Mon, 16 Mar 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES136.pdf Study objective: Since January 2005 France is exploring a new scheme termed preferred doctor(médecin traitant) which can be considered as an innovative version of Gate Keeping in order to reduce the excess of postulated excess in health consumption, more especially access to specialist care. This paper describes the political process which leads to its implementation, tries to relate some of the scheme specific features with its results after one year implementation and tries to catch a glimpse for the next steps of the reform... Mon, 09 Mar 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/WorkingPapers/DT22PrefDocSchemePolitFrenchExpGatekeeping.pdf Data from the decennial health survey conducted by INSEE in 2002-2003 show that people of foreign origin living in France report worse health status than native French. Immigrants worse self assessed health is partly explained by poorer socio-economic status and working conditions. But self assessed health status also varies according to the country of origin, and more specifically according to the country's level of development. Thus, immigrants from the richest countries report a better health status than those from intermediate developed countries, suggesting that the social and health situation in countries of birth has a long-term effect on health status... Wed, 04 Mar 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES133.pdf Since 1988, the Health, Health Care and Insurance Survey (Enquête Santé Protection Sociale, ESPS) provide information on French population's health status, utilization of healthcare services and health insurance. Thanks to its frequency, scope and longitudinal dimension, the survey participates in evaluating health policies, monitoring of public health problems in general population and research in the field of health economics. In 2006, the Health, Health Care and Insurance Survey interviewed 8,100 households and 22,000 individuals. A oversample of households covered by public means tested complementary insurance was added, in order to better describe the health status access to health care of this population... Wed, 04 Mar 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES131.pdf The Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) is an international, multidisciplinary and longitudinal survey, developed to address research issues on ageing. Wave 2 data, collected in 2006-07, provides panel data from respondents already interviewed in 2004-05. Since ageing should be seen as a process, rather than a state, longitudinal dimension is of foremost importance to put a stress on evolutions and transitions, as well as generation effects and causality... Mon, 23 Feb 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES137.pdf Concentrating the supply of hospital care is often presented as a means to improve the quality of care, but the extent of the relationship and the direction of causality between hospital volume and health outcomes is still a matter for debate. The systematic literature review carried out by the IRDES shows that for certain procedures and interventions, particularly complex surgery, there is a real possibility of improving outcomes by increasing activity volumes. The presence of a learning curve at both the individual level (surgeon) and hospital level (transfer of knowledge, organisation of work) appear to explain a large part of this correlation... Mon, 16 Feb 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES135.pdf The document aims to help you to find reliable information on Public Health in France and in European Countries. We provide below a selection of the major bibliographical and statistical resources on public health and related like health care system organization in France and in other industrialized nations, epidemiology, social security, demographics, statistics... Fri, 13 Feb 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/DocumentationCentre/Documents/GettingInfoOnPublicHealth.pdf This directory is not an exhaustive address list. We selected the principal institutions or organizations which provide information to the public on the French health care system and health issues in France. The names of the institutions are translated by our own services and should not be taken as "official" translation.... Fri, 13 Feb 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/DocumentationCentre/Documents/HealthAddressBook.pdf The work programme described in this document presents all of the studies and research which are currently planned, whether they are financed exclusively by working grants awarded to IRDES or by additional contractual finance (the latter being identified for the studies concerned). The research process, from initial feasibility study to presentation of findings in scientific publications, is lengthy: hence the projects presented here are for 2009, 2010 and in some cases 2011, and provide information on the current stage of development and the project timetable... Thu, 12 Feb 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/AboutIrdes/Documents/ResearchProgram.pdf The aim of this paper is to compare the evolution of antidepressant consumption in France, Germany and the United Kingdom between 1998 and 2002. Commercial databases (IMS Health) have been used in conjunction with administrative data (PACT for the UK, GKV for Germany and Afssaps for France) to estimate antidepressant consumption in Daily Defined Doses... Tue, 10 Feb 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/WorkingPapers/DT21EvoluAntidepressantConsumFranceGermanyUk.pdf Source: IRDES. Data: Health, Health care and insurance survey (ESPS) 2006. Tue, 10 Feb 2009 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfFebruary2009.html This study compares estimates of outpatient expenditure computed with different models. Our aim is to predict annual health expenditures. We use a French panel dataset over a six year period (2000-2006) for 7112 individuals. Our article is based on the estimations of five different models. The first model is a simple two part model estimated in cross section. The other models (models 2 to 5) are estimated with selection models (or generalized tobit models). Model 2 is a basic sample selection model in cross section. Model 3 is similar to model 2, but takes into account the panel dimension. It includes constant unobserved heterogeneity to deal with state dependency. Model 4 is a dynamic sample selection model (with lagged adjustement), while in model 5, we take into account the possible heteroskedasticity of residuals in the dynamic model... Fri, 30 Jan 2009 12:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/WorkingPapers/DT20DynamicEstimationOfHealthExpenditure.pdf Source: Eco-Sante Régions and Départements 2008. Data: DREES. Tue, 13 Jan 2009 15:00:00 +0200 http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/ChartOfTheMonth/ChartOfJanuary2009.html